Invertebrate Survival Journal

XXIst scientific meeting of the Italian Association of Developmental and Comparative Immunobiology (IADCI), February 16-18 2022, Didactic Pole, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy

L Ballarin — 2022-05-16

4th general meeting of the COST Action 16203: STEM CELLS OF MARINE/AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES: FROM BASIC RESEARCH TO INNOVATIVE APPLICATIONS (MARISTEM), October 20, 2021, Palazzo Bo, University of Padova, ITALY

L Ballarin — 2022-03-01

Characterization of a Novel C-type Lectin against OsHV-1 infection in Scapharca broughtonii

D Wang — 2022-03-31

As important pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), most C-type lectins (CTLs) are a class of Ca²⁺-dependent carbohydrate-binding proteins that are found to be involved in non-self-recognition and antiviral process. In this study, a new CTL, named SbCTL, was identified from ark clams, Scapharca broughtonii. The amino acid sequence of SbCTL consisted of a predicted CRD (carbohydrate recognition domain) structural domain (including 102 amino acid residues). The amino acid sequence of SbCTL shared 28 % - 39 % similarity with other CTLs. There were two potential Ca²⁺ binding sites in SbCTL. The expression of SbCTL mRNA was detected in all selected tissues, with the highest expression in the gills. Expression of SbCTL mRNA increased significantly (p < 0.05) and total vibrio content increased significantly (p <0.05) in ark clam infected with OsHV-1 at 72 h post-infection. The binding activities of recombinant SbCTL (rSbCTL) to various PAMPs with or without Ca²⁺were analyzed by ELISA, rSbCTL showed especially high binding activity to LPS in a Ca²⁺-independent manner. rSbCTL also functioned on sheltering ark clams from OsHV-1 infection in vivo, there were less mortality occurred in the rSbCTL treated group than the control. In all, it suggests that SbCTL, could served a critical role in the immune response against intruders in ark clams.

Identification of five picorna-like viruses associated with the endangered cave-dwelling bivalve Congeria kusceri (Bole, 1962)

A Scapolatiello — 2022-02-09

Congeria kusceri is a bivalve mollusk species endemic to the Dinaric Karst, which displays unique adaptations that have allowed its survival in the subterranean environment with small morphological changes compared with its fossil relatives. Anthropic activities have recently impacted the surface flow of the Neretva river, impairing the seasonal water cycle that has characterized the habitat of this species for hundreds of thousands of years. The lack of an adequate water supply, together with pollution from agricultural and farm water runoff, are posing a serious threat to C. kusceri, as evidenced by the sharp population decline observed in several locations during the past few decades.

Due to the limited knowledge available about the basic biology of this filter-feeding species, the precise factors that may affect its health status and reproduction and therefore represent a hazard for its conservation are still unclear. Here, through a transcriptomic approach, we describe the nearly-complete genomes of five C. kusceri-associated RNA viruses belonging to the Picornaviridae family and phylogenetically related with picorna-like viruses previously described in other Mollusca. Although it is presently unknown whether these viruses may have a detrimental effect on bivalve health, we observed a significant increase of viral load during the summer season.

Effect of water temperature on the behavior of Neptunea cumingii and the histology, immune enzyme activity, and transcriptome of its gills and kidneys

D Zhang — 2022-01-22

The behavior of the marine snail Neptunea cumingii cultured at different temperatures (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 (control), 20, 24, and 28 °C) and the histology, immune enzyme activity, and transcriptome of its gills and kidneys were studied using ecological and molecular methods. At 0 °C, most of the snails shrank in size and did not eat during the first 6 h. At 28 °C, snails also did not eat, death began to occur at 24 h. The histology of the gills and kidneys differed among test temperatures. At 0 °C, the morphology of the gill pieces was difficult to judge. At 24 °C, edema was present in the gill lamella, and at 28 °C the gill lamella were severely deformed. Temperature increase or decrease from 16 °C caused the columnar cells of the kidney to become shorter and more numerous. The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase activities (SOD) of the gill and kidney differed significantly among the temperature conditions (p < 0.05). The DEGs were subject to GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, and which showed that most of the DEGs in gill were involved in protein folding, defolding, translation, ribosome, and most of the DEGs in kidney were involved in DNA recombination, nuclear euchromatin, RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity. Finally, the results from this study showed that N. cumingii prefers the temperature range was 8 to 16 °C.

Host-pathogen interactions of the two native isolates of Beauveria bassiana to a predatory coccinellid, Cryptolaemous montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

S Aghaeepour — 2022-03-31

Fungi are among the most important microorganisms affecting population dynamics of insects. Although they are used as biocontrol agents for several decades but their interactions to insect pests, predators and parasitoids are still interesting in case of virulence, host physiology and environmental persistence. Understanding the possible synergistic or antagonistic interactions of entomopathogenic fungi with other biocontrol agents mainly predators is a critical factor to achieve a successful pest control program. In the current study, effects of the two native isolates of Beauveria bassiana (AM-118 and BB3) were studied on survival, cellular immunity and antioxidant system of Cryptolaemous montrouzieri Mulsant. Bioassay results showed that both AM-118 and BB3 caused significant mortality on the third instar larvae and the adults of C. montrouzieri. Moreover, they increased total and differential hemocyte counts and significantly induced phenoloxidase activity and nodule formation at 48, 72 and 96 h post-treatment. A considerable increase was also observed in the activities of antioxidant enzymes at 72 and 96 h post-treatment. Although the isolates caused mortality on both stages, induction of immune and antioxidant systems protect C. montrouzieri against infective conidia.

Distinguishing Manduca sexta haemocyte types by cytometric methods

C R von Bredow — 2022-01-22

Manduca sexta larvae possess haemocytes which are classified according to their appearance into five distinct types typical for Lepidoptera: plasmatocytes (PLs), granular cells (GRs), spherule cells (SPs), oenocytoids (OEs), and prohaemocytes (ProHCs). Some haemocytes do not fit morphologically into either class, i.e. sharing morphological criteria of two cell types, obscuring their classification. We characterised larval haemocytes of M. sexta, whose identity was confirmed by specific markers, based on morphometric and cytometric methods by light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. For each haemocyte class, the size, the length-to-width-ratio, the nuclear morphology, the relative DNA-content and the nucleus-to-cytoplasm-ratio were measured. PLs and GRs occur in either round or spread form, the latter resulting in a high length-to-width-ratio. The shape of the nuclei also differed between haemocyte types, with almost round nuclei in GRs, ProHCs and OEs, and oval to irregularly formed nuclei in SPs and PLs. The nucleus-to-cytoplasm-ratio was shown to differ significantly between each type. PLs and OEs exhibited polyploidy, while granular cells, spherule cells and putative prohaemocytes were presumably 2n (G0/G1) or 4n (G2/M). Finally, a dichotomous guide allowing determination of the haemocyte types by means of light microscopy and DNA labelling was created.